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It came to the two-horned ram that I had seen standing beside the canal and rushed against it with raging strength.[a] I saw it approaching the ram. It went into a fit of rage against the ram[b] and struck it[c] and broke off its two horns. The ram had no ability to resist it.[d] The goat hurled the ram[e] to the ground and trampled it. No one could deliver the ram from its power.[f] The male goat acted even more arrogantly. But no sooner had the large horn become strong than it was broken, and there arose four conspicuous horns[g] in its place,[h] extending toward the four winds of the sky.[i]

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Footnotes

  1. Daniel 8:6 tn Heb “the wrath of its strength.”
  2. Daniel 8:7 tn Heb “him.”
  3. Daniel 8:7 tn Heb “the ram.”
  4. Daniel 8:7 tn Heb “stand before him.”
  5. Daniel 8:7 tn Heb “he hurled him.” The referents of both pronouns (the male goat and the ram) have been specified in the translation for clarity.
  6. Daniel 8:7 sn The goat of Daniel’s vision represents Greece; the large horn represents Alexander the Great. The ram stands for Media-Persia. Alexander’s rapid conquest of the Persians involved three battles of major significance that he won against overwhelming odds: Granicus (334 b.c.), Isus (333 b.c.), and Gaugemela (331 b.c.).
  7. Daniel 8:8 tn The word “horns” is not in the Hebrew text but is implied.
  8. Daniel 8:8 sn The four conspicuous horns refer to Alexander’s successors. After his death, Alexander’s empire was divided up among four of his generals: Cassander, who took Macedonia and Greece; Lysimachus, who took Thrace and parts of Asia Minor; Seleucus, who took Syria and territory to its east; and Ptolemy, who took control of Egypt.
  9. Daniel 8:8 tn Or “the heavens.” The Hebrew term שָׁמַיִם (shamayim) may be translated “heavens” or “sky” depending on the context.